Acute kidney injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery: predictive value of kidney arterial Doppler-based variables.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition in critically ill children and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the performance of point-of-care ultrasonography to predict AKI in children undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: In this prospective study, consecutive children underwent kidney Doppler ultrasound examination within 24 h following cardiac surgery, and an experienced operator obtained both renal resistive index (RRI) and renal pulsatility index (RPI). AKI was defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 or 3) on day 3. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were included. Median age and weight were 12.9 months (IQR 6.0-37.9) and 7.36 kg (IQR 5.19-11.40), respectively. On day 3, 13 patients were classified as having AKI, of which 11 were severe. RRI could effectively predict AKI (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.83, 95% CI 0.71-0.92; p < 0.001) as well as RPI (AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.69-0.90; p < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for RRI was 0.85 (sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 83%; positive predictive value [PPV], 50%; and negative predictive value [NPV], 93%), while for RPI was 1.95 (sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 78%; PPV, 44%; and NPV, 92%). Similar results were found in the analysis for prediction on day 5. Significant correlations were found between Doppler-based variables and estimated GFR and furosemide dose on day 3. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney Doppler ultrasound may be a promising tool for predicting AKI in children undergoing cardiac surgery.

Estimated continuous cardiac output based on pulse wave transit time in critically ill children: a report of two cases.

Cardiac output is an essential determinant of oxygen delivery, although unreliably measured on clinical examination and routine monitoring. Unfortunately, cardiac output monitoring is rarely performed in pediatric critical care medicine, with a limited availability of accurate methods for children. Herein, we report two pediatric cases in which noninvasive pulse-wave transit time-based cardiac output monitoring (esCCO, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) was used. The esCCO system calculates cardiac output continuously by using the negative correlation between stroke volume and pulse wave transit time and requires only electrocardiogram monitoring, noninvasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry signals. Before starting its use, esCCO should be calibrated, which can be done using patient information (gender, age, height, and body weight) or entering cardiac output values obtained by other methods. In both cases, when calibrations were performed using patient information, the agreement between esCCO and echocardiographic measurements was poor. However, after calibration with transthoracic echocardiography, the cardiac output values obtained by both methods remained similar after 2 hours and 18 hours. The results indicate that the esCCO system is suitable for use in children; however, further studies are needed to optimize its algorithm and determine its accuracy, precision, and trend in children.

Accuracy of Respiratory Variation in Inferior Vena Cava Diameter to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Children Under Mechanical Ventilation.

Proper assessment of fluid responsiveness using accurate predictors is crucial to guide fluid therapy and avoid the serious adverse effects of fluid overload. The main objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of respiratory variations in inferior vena cava diameter (∆IVC) to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated children. This prospective single-center study included 32 children (median age and weight of 17 months and 10 kg, respectively) who received a fluid infusion of 10 ml kg-1 of crystalloid solutions over 10 min. ∆IVC and respiratory variation in aortic blood flow peak velocity (∆Vpeak) were determined over one controlled respiratory cycle before and after fluid loading. Thirteen (41%) participants were fluid-responders. ∆IVC, ∆Vpeak, stroke volume index, and cardiac index were found to be predictors of fluid responsiveness. However, the area under the ROC curve of ∆IVC was smaller when compared to ∆Vpeak (0.709 vs. 0.935, p < 0.012). The best cut-off values were 7.7% for ∆IVC (sensitivity, 69.2%; specificity 78.9%, positive predictive value, 69.2%; and negative predictive value, 78.9%) and 18.2% for ∆Vpeak (sensitivity, 84.6%; specificity, 89.5%; positive predictive value, 84.6%; negative predictive value, 89.5%). Changes in stroke volume were positively correlated with ∆IVC (ρ = 0.566, p < 0.001) and ∆Vpeak (ρ = 0.603, p < 0.001). A significant correlation was also found between changes in MAP and ∆Vpeak (ρ = 0.382; p = 0.031), but the same was not observed with ∆IVC (ρ = 0.011; p = 0.951). In conclusion, ∆IVC was found to have a moderate accuracy in predicting fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated children and is an inferior predictor when compared to ∆Vpeak.

Estimated continuous cardiac output based on pulse wave transit time in critically ill children: a report of two cases / Débito cardíaco contínuo estimado baseado no tempo de trânsito da onda de pulso em crianças em estado crítico: relato de dois casos

ABSTRACT Cardiac output is an essential determinant of oxygen delivery, although unreliably measured on clinical examination and routine monitoring. Unfortunately, cardiac output monitoring is rarely performed in pediatric critical care medicine, with a limited availability of accurate methods for children. Herein, we report two pediatric cases in which noninvasive pulse-wave transit time-based cardiac output monitoring (esCCO, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) was used. The esCCO system calculates cardiac output continuously by using the negative correlation between stroke volume and pulse wave transit time and requires only electrocardiogram monitoring, noninvasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry signals. Before starting its use, esCCO should be calibrated, which can be done using patient information (gender, age, height, and body weight) or entering cardiac output values obtained by other methods. In both cases, when calibrations were performed using patient information, the agreement between esCCO and echocardiographic measurements was poor. However, after calibration with transthoracic echocardiography, the cardiac output values obtained by both methods remained similar after 2 hours and 18 hours. The results indicate that the esCCO system is suitable for use in children; however, further studies are needed to optimize its algorithm and determine its accuracy, precision, and trend in children.

RESUMO O débito cardíaco é um determinante importante do fornecimento de oxigênio, embora a sua mensuração seja realizada de forma pouco confiável no exame clínico e no monitoramento de rotina. Infelizmente, o monitoramento do débito cardíaco raramente é realizado na medicina intensiva pediátrica, com disponibilidade limitada de métodos precisos para crianças. Relatamos aqui dois casos pediátricos nos quais utilizouse o monitoramento não invasivo do débito cardíaco por meio da análise do tempo de trânsito de ondas de pulso (esCCO, Nihon Kohden, Tóquio, Japão). O sistema esCCO calcula o débito cardíaco continuamente pela correlação negativa entre o volume sistólico e o tempo de trânsito de ondas de pulso e requer apenas o monitoramento por eletrocardiograma, pressão arterial não invasiva e sinais de oximetria de pulso. Antes de iniciar seu uso, o esCCO deve ser calibrado, o que pode ser feito com informações do paciente (sexo, idade, altura e peso corporal) ou informando os valores do débito cardíaco obtidos mediante outros métodos. Em ambos os casos, quando as calibragens foram realizadas com informações do paciente, a concordância entre o débito cardíaco contínuo estimado e as medidas ecocardiográficas foi insatisfatória. Entretanto, após a calibragem com ecocardiografia transtorácica, os valores do débito cardíaco obtidos pelos dois métodos permaneceram semelhantes após 2 horas e 18 horas. Os resultados indicam que o sistema esCCO pode ser útil em crianças; entretanto, são necessários mais estudos para otimizar seu algoritmo e determinar sua exatidão, precisão e tendência em crianças.

Acute kidney injury in critically ill children: predictive value of renal arterial Doppler assessment.

BACKGROUND: Renal resistive index (RRI) and renal pulsatility index (RPI) are Doppler-based variables proposed to assess renal perfusion at the bedside in critically ill patients. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of such variables to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) in mechanically ventilated children. METHODS: Consecutive children aged <14 years underwent kidney Doppler ultrasound examination within 24 h of invasive mechanical ventilation. Renal resistive index (RRI) and renal pulsatility index (RPI) were measured. The primary outcome was severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 or 3) on day 3. RESULTS: On day 3, 22 patients were classified as having AKI, of which 12 were severe. RRI could effectively predict severe AKI (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.94) as well as RPI (AUC = 0.86). The optimal cut-off for RRI was 0.85 (sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 84.7%; PPV, 50.0%; and NPV, 98.4%). Similar results were obtained when the accuracy to predict AKI on day 5 was assessed. Significant correlations were observed between RRI and estimated glomerular filtration rate at enrollment (ρ = -0.495) and on day 3 (ρ = -0.467). CONCLUSIONS: Renal Doppler ultrasound may be a promising tool to predict AKI in critically ill children under invasive mechanical ventilation. IMPACT: Early recognition of acute kidney injury (AKI) is essential to promptly initiate supportive care aimed at restoring renal perfusion, which may prevent or attenuate acute tubular necrosis. Renal arterial Doppler-based parameters are rapid, noninvasive, and repeatable variables that may be promising for the prediction of AKI in children. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the use of renal Doppler-based variables to predict AKI in critically ill children. The present study found that Doppler-based variables could accurately predict the occurrence of severe AKI and were correlated with urinary output and diuretic use.

Informal Caregivers' Health Literacy in Lisbon, Portugal: A Profile for Health Promotion Prioritization.

Health literacy (HL) allows people to access, understand and evaluate health information. Informal caregivers' levels of HL may impact long-term care outcomes. 'Informal caregivers' profile in Lisbon county: a health community approach' is a nurse-led research project aiming to assess informal caregivers' health literacy and associated factors in Lisbon county, as well as to foster the development of a local-specific health literacy strategy. A survey to identify a health/social caregiver profile, including questions about HL (HLS-EU-PT), was submitted to a representative sample of carers. Descriptive and bivariate inferential analysis was developed. Informal caregivers' level of HL was mostly sufficient (n = 99, 38%). More than 60% of caregivers have limited HL regarding health promotion. 'Access', 'Appraisal' and 'Use' are the information processing stages with lower mean scores of HL. Carers with low HL levels appear to be older and to have less education, low knowledge of community resources and decreased wellbeing (p < 0.05). A strategy focused on health promotion-related HL through primary care resources can potentially improve caregivers' knowledge, competencies and motivation, as well as health system sustainability. Reported HLS-EU-PT scores deserve special attention. Future work should emphasize the role of HL-associated factors and health outcomes for caregivers and cared-for persons.

Does Reality Overcome the Expected? Survey on Informal Caregivers' Profile: A Nurse-Led Study in Times of COVID-19.

The increasing overload of chronic conditions raises challenges for the health system. Informal caregivers have a major role in ensuring the quality of life of the cared-for person, despite the reported lack of working resources which can lead to unmet needs. This article reports on the first part of a nurse-led research project entitled ''Informal caregiver' profiles in Lisbon county: a health community approach.' We aimed to support decision-making by developing an informal caregiver profile to promote tailored interventions. A survey addressing the dyad was developed and submitted to a convenient, network-based, stratified sample of carers aged 18 years or above. More than thirty community partners supported the identification of caregivers. Data were submitted to univariate descriptive analysis. A profile of the cared-for person and the informal caregiver was uncovered by identifying 639 caregivers, of whom the majority lived with the cared-for person. Only four percent planned the transition to a caregiver role, and no more than 10% had access to support programs. Approximately half of the respondents found that COVID-19 negatively impacted their performance in the caregiver role. Developing a local and tailored strategy with collaboration between healthcare professionals, academics, and community partners is key to ensuring that meaningful support is provided to caregivers.

Carotid doppler ultrasonography as a method to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated children.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate whether respiratory variations in carotid and aortic blood flows measured by Doppler ultrasonography could accurately predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill children. METHODS: This was a prospective single-center study including mechanically ventilated children who underwent fluid replacement at the discretion of the attending physician. Response to fluid load was defined by a stroke volume increase of more than 15%. Maximum and minimum values of velocity peaks were determined over one controlled respiratory cycle before and after volume expansion. Respiratory changes in velocity peak of the carotid (∆Vpeak_Ca) and aortic (∆Vpeak_Ao) blood flows were calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum values divided by the mean of the two values and were expressed as a percentage. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were included, of which twelve (40%) were fluid responders and 18 (60%) non-responders. Before volume expansion, both ∆Vpeak_Ca and ∆Vpeak_Ao were higher in responders than in non-responders (17.1% vs 4.4%; p < .001 and 22.8% vs 6.4%; p < .001, respectively). ∆Vpeak_Ca could effectively predict fluid responsiveness (AUC 1.00, 95% CI 0.88-1.00), as well as ∆Vpeak_Ao (AUC 0.94, 95% CI 0.80-0.99). The best cutoff values were 10.6% for ∆Vpeak_Ca (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 100%) and 18.2% for ∆Vpeak_Ao (sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 88.9%; positive predictive value, 84.6%; negative predictive value, 94.1%). Volume expansion-induced changes in stroke volume correlated with the ∆Vpeak_Ca and ∆Vpeak_Ao before volume expansion (ρ of 0.70 and 0.61, respectively; p < .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of respiratory changes in carotid and aortic blood flows are accurate methods for predicting fluid responsiveness in children under invasive mechanical ventilation.

Point-Of-Care Ultrasound for Lung Assessment in Patients With Severe Scoliosis and Chest Deformities: An Emergency Department Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosing pneumonia and other lung conditions can be challenging in patients with severe intellectual or physical disabilities or severe chest deformities. Physical examination is sometimes difficult to perform and the frequently requested chest x-ray (CXR) study is often of little value in the diagnostic approach to this population. Point-of-care lung ultrasound (US) is an emerging diagnostic tool with particularly high level of accuracy in detecting pneumonia, pleural effusion, and pneumothorax. CASE REPORT: This case series describes four cases demonstrating the usefulness of point-of-care US in a pediatric emergency department for lung assessment in patients for differentiation and diagnosis of acute causes of acute respiratory symptoms, in whom clinical features or CXR failed to confirm or exclude pulmonary complications. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: In patients with chest deformities, pulmonary complications can be disproportionately frequent. Lung US should be recognized as an important adjunctive tool in this subset of patients to detect pneumonia, pleural effusions, and pneumothorax. When used proactively, it can reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, provide more certainty in determining the diagnosis, and, most importantly, inform correct and timely management.

O sismo de 1755: a atuação do enfermeiro na assistência aos feridos de Lisboa / The 1755 Lisbon earthquake: the work of nurses in the care provided to the wounded

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar o cuidado prestado por enfermeiros aos feridos e enfermos do terramoto de 1755, em Lisboa. Realizou-se uma pesquisa documental das fontes primárias identifi cadas, utilizaram-se as Portarias do Governo sobre o tratamento dos feridos, a assistência aos enfermos e a sua situação após o terramoto. Foi ainda analisado o livro das Enfermarias das Portas de Santo Antão, da Casa dos Almadas no Rossio e em São Bento da Saúde, após o terramoto, em 1755. A análise destes documentos permitiu desvelar várias dimensões da assistência pós-terramoto, nomeadamente no que respeitou à admissão e registo das entradas nas enfermarias provisórias. Conclui-se que houve enfermeiros religiosos e leigos do Hospital Real de Todos os Santos envolvidos na assistência a feridos e enfermos, com a clara indicação de que esses enfermeiros eram treinados

Motivos e crenças de familiares frente ao tratamento do transtorno depressivo na infância: Estudo qualitativo / Statements and beliefs of family face of treatment of depressive disorder in childhood: Qualitative study / Declaración y creencias de la família ante el tratamento del transtorno depressivo en la infancia: Estudo Cualitativo

Resumo Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa analisar os processos e as motivações que levaram os pais e responsáveis à percepção da depressão em suas crianças e à consequente procura de cuidado especializado, além de compreender a influência das crenças em saúde e dos hábitos culturais na procura de tratamento. Foram analisadas cinco entrevistas realizadas em um ambulatório de psiquiatria de um hospital universitário estatal. Utilizou-se metodologia qualitativa, estudo de caso, sob-referencial teórico do "Modelo de Crenças em Saúde". O estigma acerca da psiquiatria e loucura; a não aceitação da existência de depressão em crianças; o desconhecimento acerca da depressão e seus sintomas e as dificuldades diagnosticadas nesta idade são exemplos de fatores que retardam a procura ao tratamento. Em contrapartida, o conhecimento prévio acerca da doença; a ação de profissionais de saúde e educadores e a crença na efetividade do tratamento psiquiátrico possibilitam início precoce do tratamento.

Abstract The objective of this research was to examine the processes and motivations that lead parents and caregivers to the perception of depression in their children and the consequent demand for specialized care and understand the influence of health belief and cultural habits in seeking treatment. We analyzed interviews conducted in five psychiatric outpatient clinic in a state university hospital, 2005. We used qualitative methodology - case study - under the theoretical reference of the "Health Belief Model". The stigma about psychiatry and madness; not accepting the existence of depression in children; ignorance about depression and its symptoms and the diagnostic difficulties in this age are examples of factors that delay seeking treatment. In contrast, the prior knowledge about the disease, the action of health professionals and educators and the belief in the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment, allow early treatment.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación era examinar los procesos y las motivaciones qué llevan a los padres y cuidadores a la percepción de la depresión en sus hijos y la consiguiente demanda de atención especializada y comprender la influencia de las creencias y los hábitos culturales en la búsqueda de tratamiento. Se utilizó metodología cualitativa - estudio de caso - e referencia teórica del "Modelo de Creencias en Salud". El estigma de la psiquiatría y la locura; no aceptar la existencia de la depresión en niños; la ignorancia acerca de la depresión y sus síntomas y las dificultades de diagnóstico en esta edad son ejemplos de factores que retardan la busca de tratamiento. Por el contrario, el conocimiento previo acerca de la enfermedad, la acción de los profesionales sanitarios y educadores y la creencia en la eficacia del tratamiento psiquiátrico propician el tratamiento temprano.

Motivos e crenças de familiares frente ao tratamento do transtorno depressivo na infância: estudo qualitativo / Statements and beliefs of family face of treatment of depressive disorder in childhood: qualitative study / Declaración y creencias de la família ante el tratamento del transtorno depressivo en la infancia: estudo Cualitativo

Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa analisar os processos e as motivações que levaram os pais e responsáveis à percepção da depressão em suas crianças e à consequente procura de cuidado especializado, além de compreender a influência das crenças em saúde e dos hábitos culturais na procura de tratamento. Foram analisadas cinco entrevistas realizadas em um ambulatório de psiquiatria de um hospital universitário estatal. Utilizou-se metodologia qualitativa, estudo de caso, sob-referencial teórico do "Modelo de Crenças em Saúde". O estigma acerca da psiquiatria e loucura; a não aceitação da existência de depressão em crianças; o desconhecimento acerca da depressão e seus sintomas e as dificuldades diagnosticadas nesta idade são exemplos de fatores que retardam a procura ao tratamento. Em contrapartida, o conhecimento prévio acerca da doença; a ação de profissionais de saúde e educadores e a crença na efetividade do tratamento psiquiátrico possibilitam início precoce do tratamento.

The objective of this research was to examine the processes and motivations that lead parents and caregivers to the perception of depression in their children and the consequent demand for specialized care and understand the influence of health belief and cultural habits in seeking treatment. We analyzed interviews conducted in five psychiatric outpatient clinic in a state university hospital, 2005. We used qualitative methodology - case study - under the theoretical reference of the "Health Belief Model". The stigma about psychiatry and madness; not accepting the existence of depression in children; ignorance about depression and its symptoms and the diagnostic difficulties in this age are examples of factors that delay seeking treatment. In contrast, the prior knowledge about the disease, the action of health professionals and educators and the belief in the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment, allow early treatment.

El objetivo de esta investigación era examinar los procesos y las motivaciones qué llevan a los padres y cuidadores a la percepción de la depresión en sus hijos y la consiguiente demanda de atención especializada y comprender la influencia de las creencias y los hábitos culturales en la búsqueda de tratamiento. Se utilizó metodología cualitativa - estudio de caso - e referencia teórica del "Modelo de Creencias en Salud". El estigma de la psiquiatría y la locura; no aceptar la existencia de la depresión en niños; la ignorancia acerca de la depresión y sus síntomas y las dificultades de diagnóstico en esta edad son ejemplos de factores que retardan la busca de tratamiento. Por el contrario, el conocimiento previo acerca de la enfermedad, la acción de los profesionales sanitarios y educadores y la creencia en la eficacia del tratamiento psiquiátrico propician el tratamiento temprano.

O primeiro livro em Portugal escrito por enfermeiro (1741): contribuição para a formação de enfermeiros religiosos / The first book written by a nurse in Portugal (1741): contributions to religious nurses education

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os conceitos do metaparadigma de enfermagem inscritos nos saberes e nas práticas dos enfermeiros religiosos portugueses que assistiam os enfermos no século XVIIII. Realizou-se uma pesquisa documental, recorrendo ao método histórico. Utilizou-se, como fonte principal de pesquisa, a obra “Postilla Religiosa”, de Frei Diogo de Santiago, publicada em 1741. Este é o primeiro livro conhecido até o momento, e escrito em português por um enfermeiro, para a formação de enfermeiros. A análise do conteúdo da obra permitiu identificar quatro categorias com vocábulos de valor semântico aproximado às categorias definidas a priori. Pessoa, cuidados, ambiente, e saúde/doença, sendo estes os termos que, após a análise da obra, sofreram ajustamento às designações em uso à época: Homem/Enfermo; Assistir/Cuidado; Elementos dos humores; e Enfermidade. Concluiu-se que os principais conceitos inscritos nas práticas dos enfermeiros têm similaridades com os pressupostos teóricos de Kèrouac. Esses resultados vêm contribuir para a identificação dos saberes e práticas dos primórdios da enfermagem portuguesa.

The art and learning patterns of knowing in nursing / El arte y el aprendizaje de las normas de conocimiento en enfermeira / A arte e a aprendizagem dos padrões de conhecimento em enfermagem

Objective To identify the perception of the students about the use of art as a pedagogical strategy in learning the patterns of knowing in nursing; to identify the dimensions of each pattern valued in the analysis of pieces of art. Method Descriptive mixed study. Data collection used a questionnaire applied to 31 nursing students. Results In the analysis of the students’ discourse, it was explicit that empirical knowledge includes scientific knowledge, tradition and nature of care. The aesthetic knowledge implies expressiveness, subjectivity and sensitivity. Self-knowledge, experience, reflective attitude and relationships with others are the subcategories of personal knowledge and the moral and ethics support ethical knowledge. Conclusion It is possible to learn patterns of knowledge through art, especially the aesthetic, ethical and personal. It is necessary to investigate further pedagogical strategies that contribute to the learning patterns of nursing knowledge. .

Objetivos Identificar la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la utilización del arte como estrategia pedagógica en el aprendizaje de los patrones del conocimiento en enfermería; Identificar las dimensiones de cada patrón valoradas en el análisis de las obras de arte. Método Estudio descriptivo y mixto. La recogida de datos con recurso a una encuesta aplicada a treinta y un estudiantes de enfermería. Resultados En el análisis del discurso de los estudiantes está tácito que el conocimiento empírico incluye: conocimiento científico, tradición y naturaleza de los cuidados. El conocimiento estético implica: expresividad, subjetividad y sensibilidad. El autoconocimiento, la experiencia, la actitud reflexiva y la relación con los demás son las subcategorías del conocimiento personal, mientras que la moral y la ética soportan el conocimiento ético. Conclusión Es posible aprender los patrones del conocimiento a través del arte, sobretodo del estético, del ético y del personal. Es necesario investigar más las estrategias pedagógicas que contribuyan al aprendizaje de patrones de conocimiento de enfermería. .

Objectivo Identificar a perceção dos estudantes acerca da utilização da arte como estratégia pedagógica na aprendizagem dos padrões de conhecimento em enfermagem; Identificar as dimensões de cada padrão valorizadas na análise das obras de arte. Método Estudo descritivo e misto. A colheita de dados com recurso a um questionário, aplicado a 31 estudantes de enfermagem. Resultados Na análise do discurso dos estudantes está implícito que o conhecimento empírico inclui: conhecimento científico, tradição e natureza dos cuidados. O conhecimento estético implica: expressividade, subjetividade e sensibilidade. O autoconhecimento, a experiência, a atitude reflexiva e a relação com os outros são as subcategorias do conhecimento pessoal e a moral e a ética suportam o conhecimento ético. Conclusão É possível aprender os padrões de conhecimento através da arte, sobretudo do estético, ético e pessoal. É necessário investigar mais as estratégias pedagógicas que contribuam para a aprendizagem dos padrões de conhecimento em enfermagem. .

The art and learning patterns of knowing in nursing.

Objective To identify the perception of the students about the use of art as a pedagogical strategy in learning the patterns of knowing in nursing; to identify the dimensions of each pattern valued in the analysis of pieces of art. Method Descriptive mixed study. Data collection used a questionnaire applied to 31 nursing students. Results In the analysis of the students' discourse, it was explicit that empirical knowledge includes scientific knowledge, tradition and nature of care. The aesthetic knowledge implies expressiveness, subjectivity and sensitivity. Self-knowledge, experience, reflective attitude and relationships with others are the subcategories of personal knowledge and the moral and ethics support ethical knowledge. Conclusion It is possible to learn patterns of knowledge through art, especially the aesthetic, ethical and personal. It is necessary to investigate further pedagogical strategies that contribute to the learning patterns of nursing knowledge.